Understanding Object-Oriented Programming in Java

 Java is a powerful, high-level programming language that follows the Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) paradigm. OOP is a programming model based on the concept of "objects", which represent real-world entities. It helps in building modular, reusable, and maintainable code — making Java a preferred language for large-scale applications.

🔹 What is Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?

OOP organizes software design around data, or objects, rather than functions and logic. In Java, everything is treated as an object, which makes the code easier to understand, extend, and maintain.

Java supports the four core principles of OOP:

🔸 1. Encapsulation

Encapsulation is the concept of wrapping data (variables) and code (methods) together as a single unit. In Java, this is achieved by using classes and access modifiers (like private, public, etc.).

public class Student {

    private String name;

    public void setName(String n) {

        name = n;

    }

    public String getName() {

        return name;

    }

}

Encapsulation helps protect data from unauthorized access and ensures control over how data is modified.

🔸 2. Inheritance

Inheritance allows a class (subclass) to inherit fields and methods from another class (superclass). It promotes code reusability.

class Animal {

    void sound() {

        System.out.println("Animal makes sound");

    }

}

class Dog extends Animal {

    void bark() {

        System.out.println("Dog barks");

    }

}

The Dog class inherits the sound() method from Animal.

🔸 3. Polymorphism

Polymorphism means "many forms". In Java, it allows objects to take multiple forms, such as method overloading (same method name, different parameters) and method overriding (subclass modifies superclass method).

class Shape {

    void draw() {

        System.out.println("Drawing shape");

    }

}

class Circle extends Shape {

    void draw() {

        System.out.println("Drawing circle");

    }

}

🔸 4. Abstraction

Abstraction is the process of hiding implementation details and showing only essential features. Java achieves abstraction using abstract classes and interfaces

abstract class Vehicle {

    abstract void move();

}

✅ Conclusion

Object-Oriented Programming makes Java powerful, flexible, and ideal for building scalable applications. By mastering OOP concepts like encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction, you can write cleaner, more organized, and reusable code. These principles are the foundation of professional Java development.

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